Higher coronary artery calcium levels in middle-age were associated with structural heart abnormalities linked to future heart failure according to new research in Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, an American Heart Association journal.

CAC screening was added to the American Heart Association's 2018 cholesterol management guidelines to further improve early detection of heart health abnormalities, especially among people who might be at a higher risk. A CAC score of zero indicates there is low risk in the absence of other high-risk conditions, while a score above zero indicates increasing risk.

In this study, researchers tracked 2,449 people (52% white, 57% women) from young adulthood to middle-age. Non-invasive computed tomography imaging tests were used to gauge the participants' vascular health, with participants' imaging tests and CAC scores compared at years 15 and 25 of the study period.

By year 25, participants' average age was about 50. Seventy-two percent of the group had a CAC score of zero compared with 77% a decade earlier.

"We looked at early adulthood to middle-age because this is a window in which we can see abnormalities that might not be causing symptoms, but could later increase the risk of heart problems," said Henrique Turin Moreira, M.D., Ph.D., study co-author and an attending physician at Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto at the University of São Paulo in Brazil. "Prevention and control of these abnormalities are key, so early identification of risks can be crucial."

Moreira and team found that increases in CAC scores were independently related to increasing age, male sex, black race, higher systolic blood pressure, higher total cholesterol, diabetes mellitus and current smoking, as well as the use of medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol. Additionally, they found:

• Compared with patients who had CAC scores of zero, those who had higher CAC scores at middle-age had a 12% increase in left ventricular mass and a 9% increase in left ventricular volume, independent of other risk factors including demographic information and cardiovascular risks.
• These findings were even more significant among blacks. For every one-unit change in a CAC score, blacks had four times higher increase in left ventricular mass compared with whites.

"Prior studies have shown that presence of CAC and higher CAC scores are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in young to middle aged adults. The results of this study are important as they highlight that presence of CAC and higher CAC scores may also be associated with echocardiographic markers of subclinical LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction," said Salim Virani, M.D., a member of the writing committee for the American Heart Association's 2018 cholesterol guidelines and director of the Cardiology Fellowship Training Program at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. "Given the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure, these are important findings. Prior studies from this cohort have also shown that a better risk factors profile in young adulthood is associated with much lower CAC and therefore, these results further highlight the importance of primordial prevention and risk factor modification in early adulthood."

Co-authors are: Guilherme S. Yared, M.D.; Bharath A. Venkatesh, Ph.D.; Henrique D. Vasconcellos, M.D., M.Sc.; Chike C. Nwabuo, M.D., M.P.H.; Mohammad R. Ostovaneh, M.D.; Jared P. Reis, Ph.D.; Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, M.D., M.Sc.; Pamela J. Schreiner, Ph.D.; Cora E. Lewis, M.D., M.S.P.H.; Stephen Sidney, M.D., M.P.H.; John Jeffrey Carr, M.D., M.Sc.; Samuel S. Gidding, M.D.; and João A.C. Lima, M.D. Author disclosures are on the manuscript.

Data from The CARDIA study was used for this research. The CARDIA study is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and an intra-agency agreement between NIA and NHLBI.